“KASBIT Business Journal HEC “Y” Category focuses in the area of business studies and social sciences. We encourage researchers to explore theories that are useful for the contemporary business environment.” KASBIT Business Journal (KBJ) is an Open Access Journal. It was launched in the year 2008 with the ISSN: 1994-1609 (Print), 2072-8018 (Online). KBJ inspires to promote quality research publications in the area of business and related knowledge basis. We expect authors and researchers to show highest degree of intellectual integrity and their research submissions are expected not to be published anywhere else other than KBJ. We also expect scholars and researchers who use the research contributions published in KBJ to give due acknowledgement to the authors through clearly identifying the citation of researchers in their future researches conducted by them. As a player contributing in the research arena globally we welcome any suggestion, contributions and advice’s that will help KBJ improve its standard and thus contribute more positively in the academic world. There is no restriction or fee for downloading research contributions published in KBJ volumes. Furthermore, the journal does not have any processing and publishing fee. Note: Maximum 4 authors have been allowed for each manuscript. More than 4 author(s) are not acceptable for the publication process.
KASB Institute of Technology Private Ltd.
Impact of Digital Financial Literacy on Financial Well-Being: the Mediating role of Digital Financial Inclusion
Abstract Purpose – the purpose of the paper is to check the impact of digital financial literacy on financial wellbeing the mediating role of digital financial inclusion. Design/Methodology/Approach – to fulfil the requirements of the study online survey was conducted and data were collected from 323 individuals by using Convenience sampling technique. The time span of data collection were the month of January-May 2024. Simple linear regression model were utilized by using SPSS & PROCESS macro by Andrew F. Hayes used of mediation analysis. Findings – the results of the study reveals that a strong moderate positive correlation between DFL and FW. The study demonstrates a partial mediation effect of DFI on the relationship between DFL and FWB, indicating that while DFI plays a significant role, DFL also directly influences FWB. According to the study, digital financial literacy has a beneficial influence on financial wellbeing by considerably enhancing DFI (digital financial inclusion, β = 0.726, p < 0.001). Research limitations/ Implications – the first about generalizability, means findings might only be relevant to Pakistan's particular population of internet users. Second, overall reliability and validity of the study's may be impacted by limitations in the quality of the data, possible biases in participant replies, and the availability of reliable financial behaviour data. There might be restrictions relating to one's own reporting biases and the digital literacy of the participants because the data was gathered via a web-based questionnaire. Originality/value - The study makes contribution in the field of digital finance, along with this investigation insights an important perspective for financial institutions, investors, government and substantial implications for policymakers and educational entities. These findings can inform and guide their endeavours to advance financial literacy, foster financial inclusion, and enhance the financial wellbeing.
Copyright (c) 2026 KASBIT Business Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Building Learning Communities with Social Media: A Qualitative Investigation into Facebook's Contribution to Collaborative Education Among Pakistani Undergraduates in Karachi
The current study aimed to explore how Facebook is used to facilitate the creation of academic communities and collaborative learning among undergraduate students in Karachi, Pakistan. This research is founded on the TAM, TPB, and Social Constructivist Theory while assessing the potential of social media to foster communication among peers and engagement in sharing knowledge among students at higher education institutions. The findings were accrued through synthesizing the literature on the related topic using a qualitative study design. Results show that Facebook serves as an effective informal learning environment for students due to the promotion of collaborative learning in terms of peer support, immediate feedback, and learning material sharing, while the ease of use, social embeddedness, and accessibility guarantee students' motivation and ongoing participation in academic discussion. The study also points out issues about distractions using non-academic content, privacy concerns, and absence of formal institutional policy. Despite the issues, Facebook is an easy-to-use and inexpensive system with huge potential to create student-centered learning and digital literacy at Pakistani universities. This paper concludes that the embedding of Facebook within formal learning frameworks can enhance practice in blended learning and in the development of collaborative learning communities. It recommends engagement by faculty, development of institutional policies, and training in digital literacy as ways to foster effective and ethical uses of social media in education.
Impact of FinTech Adoption on Individual Over-Indebtedness in BLEND Countries
Purpose: The purpose of this research is to identify the impact of FinTech adoption and major macro-economic factors like Household Consumption, Economic Growth, Unemployment Rate, and Inflation Rate on Individual Over-Indebtedness in BLEND countries. How these factors influence the over-indebtedness as it is something very concerning if it is considered in a broader way. As FinTech these BLEND countries are already in an emerging phase, it is important to know how it is affecting by accounting for other macro-economic variables. Design: This study adopts a quantitative, deductive and positivist approach by using secondary data of BLEND countries described by Work Bank. The data is collected from the websites of the central banks of these BLEND countries as well as from the websites of World Bank and International Labor Organization (ILO). Findings: Preliminary findings from reviewed literature suggest that FinTech has a positive and significant impact on Individual Over-Indebtedness. Originality and Value: This study provides timely insights into the impact of FinTech and other macro-economic variables on Individual Over-Indebtedness in BLEND Countries. The findings hold value for government/policy-makers, FinTech and other financial institutions, as well as regulators of financial markets.
Ripple Effect of Abusive Supervision in the Form of Stress and Turnover Intention
This paper investigates the role of stress in the relationship between dimensions of abusive supervision and turnover intention. Three separate questionnaires were developed and distributed among the professionals of the IT Sector of Karachi in three waves. A total of 506 useable sets of questionnaires were received and included in the study. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and three separate Structural Equation Models were used as the statistical techniques. Results indicate that dimensions of abusive supervision significantly predict stress and turnover intention. Furthermore, it is also found that stress mediates the relationship between dimensions of abusive supervision and turnover intention. Since, it is found that dimensions of abusive supervision are related to stress which in turn results in turnover intention, therefore, it is recommended that in order to reduce the stress and turnover intention of employees, managers in the IT sector should not get involved in the abuse at the workplace.
Do Founding CEOs and Board Meetings Influence Earnings Management? The Moderating Role of Family Ownership
The study examines the impact of founding CEOs, board meetings, and family ownership on earnings management through three discretionary accrual models. We employ a quantitative approach to investigate the moderating effect of family ownership structure on the nexus between corporate governance and earnings management. Using 150 non-financial firms from 2016–2021, we find that founding CEOs and family-owned Organizations are becoming less engaged with earnings management than other firms. In contrast to previous studies, we find that a higher number of board meetings creates higher discretionary accruals in Pakistan. The study has various implications for investors, academic researchers, policymakers, and regulators in Pakistan. Our findings may help improve the corporate governance system and reduce agency problems, which most firms face in their organizations. Investors also benefit from this study when making investment decisions. Some limitations face this study. Firstly, the data of the study only consists of Pakistan stock exchange-listed companies, which may not be able to give complete information related to other European and Asian countries.
Aligning Capacity Building with RD&I: A Critical Qualitative Study of Non-Academic Staff Development in Pakistani HEIs
The transformation of higher education in Pakistan has largely prioritized faculty development and student-focused reforms, often neglecting the vital contributions of non-academic staff in advancing institutional goals, particularly in research, development, and innovation (RD&I). This paper critically examines the capacity-building frameworks for non-academic staff in public sector Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Pakistan. Drawing on a qualitative design informed by a scoping review of policy documents, institutional reports, and international benchmarks, the study explores the extent to which current practices support professional development and align with national RD&I priorities. The findings reveal a fragmented and under-resourced landscape, where capacity-building efforts are sporadic, donor-dependent, and lack strategic coherence. Opportunities for non-academic staff are often ad hoc, compliance-focused, and unequally distributed—leaving institutions in remote areas and female staff particularly disadvantaged. The paper concludes by recommending a national policy framework that includes the creation of dedicated staff development units, scalable training modules aligned with RD&I goals, and mechanisms to ensure equitable access. Strengthening the non-academic workforce is essential to fostering a more innovative, responsive, and high-performing higher education sector in Pakistan.
Impact of Intellectual Capital and Working Capital Management on Corporate Sustainable Growth: An Empirical Study on Pakistan Fertilizer Companies
Intellectual capital and working capital management are gaining significant importance in achieving sustainable corporate growth, particularly in knowledge-based industries. This study empirically examines the effect of intellectual capital and working capital management on the sustainable growth of Pakistan's fertilizer industry. The study uses secondary data from 2019 to 2024 for the fertilizer firms of Pakistan. The dependent variable represents the sustainable growth rate, which is used to measure corporate financial sustainability, while the independent variables are intellectual capital efficiency and working capital management efficiency. Control variables include firm size, leverage, and age. Using panel least squares regression analysis, the study finds that intellectual capital has a strong, positive impact on business sustainable growth, which aligns with the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory. Working Capital Management Efficiency reveals a significant but negative association with sustainable growth. This proposes that inefficient working capital management may create liquidity obstacles and slow down long-term performance in the fertilizer industry. The findings highlight that efficient intellectual resource management is a key driver for long-term growth, while working capital practices require further improvement. Particularly in high energy-consuming industries like fertilizer production, this research offers managers and policymakers valuable insights on enhancing internal resource management to achieve sustained corporate growth.
Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction: Unveiling the Roles of Contingent Reward and Affective Commitment
This research examines how transformational leadership affects employee job satisfaction while considering the mediating influence of affective commitment and the moderating influence of contingent reward. Research data focuses on the banking sector and was collected through a cross-sectional survey. The explanatory study utilized questionnaires and was implemented on a sample of 340 employees of the surveyed banks. The research conducted correlational analysis and utilized Partial Least Squares (PLS) Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. Findings indicate that transformational leadership positively affects employee job satisfaction while contingent reward modifies this relationship. Affective commitment partially meditated the transformational leadership-job satisfaction relationship. This study seeks to fill the gap in the literature by recognizing affective commitment and contingent reward contributing the impact as mediating and moderating variables respectively in the interplay of transformational leadership and employee job satisfaction. The foundational theories of the study are Transformational Leadership Theory and Full Range Leadership Theory (FRLT). The study develops on leadership practices in the banking sector and proposes actionable strategies to improve employee job satisfaction.
Structural Determinants of Green Growth: The Role of Institutions
The purpose of this research is to estimate the effects of structural determinants on green growth (GG) in developing economies, considering the moderating effects of institutional quality (IQ). A balanced panel dataset of ninety-six developing countries from 2004 to 2023 was used and robust panel-regression techniques were employed to estimate relationships. Findings show that foreign direct investment (FI), financial development (FD), urbanization (UG), and human capital (HC) significantly undermine GG, while population growth (PG) has a significant positive impact on GG in sample economies. Moreover, IQ is found to have mixed effects: its direct effect on GG is significantly negative, while its moderating impact is positive in the cases of FD and UG, implying that strong institutions may redirect financial and urbanization dynamics towards sustainability. Conversely, the findings show that IQ does not moderate the impact of FI, PG, and HC, indicating institutional constraints in channeling structural drivers towards GG. Furthermore, the findings also reveal a nonlinear IQ effect, suggesting that GG increases once IQ goes beyond a certain threshold. In sum, the study emphasizes that, in the absence of strong IQ, structural and developmental determinants may weaken GG in developing economies. The results provide useful policy insights such as the need for institutional reforms, focused-green financing, and education for sustainable development to ensure a real transition towards GG.
From Ratios to Constructs: Sector-Contingent Financial Health Indices via Factor Analysis
This paper investigates the reclassification of financial ratios through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), trying to uncover empirical groupings that best describe the financial dynamics within the specific industry. We collected data of 19 commonly used financial ratios from 39 firms from two industries, including 22 from the FMCG and 17 from the Cement Sector, using 22 years from 2003 to 2024 through the audited annual accounts. The empirical findings reveal seven distinct categories within the FMCG sector and 6 within the Cement Sector, differing substantially from the traditional academic classification of 4 standard categories. These findings suggest that the behavior of financial ratios is sector-specific and classification in finance textbooks lacks empirical robustness if applied across different industry contexts. The empirical results also underscore the need for an industry-specific framework for financial analysis and raise critical implications for analysts, investors and educators to bridge the gap between the theoretical constructs and empirical financial analysis.
Valuing People: A Study of Human Resource Accounting in Organizational Settings
This qualitative study examines the role of Human Resource Accounting (HRA) within the organizational dynamics of the Pakistani banking sector, and recognizes human capital as an important driver for permanent success. Under the title "Discovery of Human Element", the research checks how the HRA acts as a connection point among the qualitative dimensions of the management of people and quantitative needs for financial reporting. While the growing belief in the strategic significance of human resources, the practical application of the HRA has been detected inadequate. By using intensive interview and thematic analysis, this study reveals the alleged benefits of underlying motivations, implementation challenges and adopting HRAs in selected Pakistani banks. Results introduces new dimensions to discourse, emphasizing the importance of human factor, identifies reference -specific drivers and obstacles, with a view to moral implications and proposed directions for future research. The results outline the influence of organizational culture and context in HRA practice and emphasize the importance of moral ideas in reporting of human capital. This research provides valuable insight to scholars and doctors with a view to strategic use of the HRA, and it performs basic tasks to detect the role of long -term effects for future studies, comparison across the sector and measurement of human capital.
UNVEILING THE LINK BETWEEN DIGITILIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY: INSIGHTS FROM THE FOOD SECTOR IN BRADFORD
Digitalization holds significant potential for optimizing the performance of global economic systems by maximizing the efficient utilization of resources within production frameworks. Despite this potential, there has been a notable lack of exploration into the specific effect of digitalization in increasing the performance of the circular economies. This study is an attempt to fulfil this gap by exploring the direct effect of digitalization on the performance of circular economy models. Utilizing a quantitative approach, data was collected from twenty respondents via an online questionnaire, targeting entrepreneurs, employees, and investors within the food sector of Bradford-based companies. Regression analysis was employed to assess the association among digitalization and the enactment of circular economy models. Results from the regression analysis indicate a significant and positive impact of both digital practices for sustainability and digital business innovations on circular economy business models. Furthermore, the study underscores the role of circular economy models in resource conservation through material recycling and product lifespan extension. It highlights the overarching objective of circular economies to maximize the economic value derived from production systems globally. Across various firms, innovative business practices facilitated by digitalization are being leveraged to optimize resource utilization effectively. Existing literature corroborates the notion that the adoption of innovative business practices contributes to enhanced performance within circular economies. Digitalization emerges as a key driver for the development of models of circular economy, particularly within the Bradford region. These findings underscore the transformative potential of digitalization in shaping the future of circular economy frameworks, ultimately driving sustainability and efficiency within economic systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 KASBIT Business Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Chaos to Opportunity: Can Investors Make Abnormal Profit During Political & Economic Uncertainty? Evidence From Pakistan Stock Exchange
The objective of this study is to examine whether investors in the Pakistan Stock Exchange react rationally or emotionally during significant political and non-political events. The proxy for the market returns in the study is the daily returns of KSE-100 index and the study covers the period of 2014 to 2024. Using the mean-adjusted return model and event study methodology, this research explores the debate around market efficiency, particularly in the context of political and economic uncertainty, by analyzing the market's response to twelve major events including the Operation Zarb-e-Azb (2014), the Peshawar School Attack (2014), the Panama Papers Leak (2016), Nawaz Sharif’s disqualification (2017), FATF Grey Listing (2018), General Elections (2018), Azadi March (2019), Covid-19 lockdown (2020), the Ouster of Imran Khan (2022), the Return of Nawaz Sharif (2023), the Imprisonment of Imran Khan (2023), and the General Elections (2024). Previous studies focus solely on political uncertainty but this study is unique as it simultaneously examines both political and non-political shocks, to provide a better understanding of investor behaviour in Pakistan. The results show that seven events had a statistically significant impact on Pakistan stock market returns, including the General Elections 2024, General Elections 2018, Nawaz Sharif’s Disqualification, Azadi March, Imran Khan’s Imprisonment, Nawaz Sharif’s Return to Power, and the Covid-19 Lockdown leading to noticeable market reactions. In contrast, other events exhibited either temporary effects or no significant impact, suggesting that the stock market absorbs most political and economic shocks efficiently. These findings contribute to the capital market literature in Pakistan by offering empirical insights into how the PSX responds to uncertainty, reinforcing the notion that while the market normalizes over time, unexpected and critical events can disrupt investor sentiment in the short run.
Advancing Green Marketing in Pakistan: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategic Pathways for Sustainable Business Growth
Green marketing has emerged as a popular concept in Pakistan because of the growing awareness of the environment and the shift in consumer behavior. This paper aims to identify the new trends and issues in green marketing, the level of business engagement, consumer attitudes, and policies and comparisons across countries. The study shows that green marketing is feasible in Pakistan but due to some barriers like poor policy implementation, high cost of production, and consumer skepticism, it is not fully effective. Based on these observations, there is a need to make strategic reforms in policies and government support, financial incentives as well as embracing digital marketing strategy for SMEs to enhance sustainability standards. Enhancing multi-stakeholder engagement can help Pakistan to develop a green economy and integrate the country into the global sustainable development agenda.
Participative Leadership's Role in Recovery Performance: Moderation of Green HR Practices and Commitment Using PLS-SEM
There is a growing awareness of environmental issues, and businesses are increasingly embracing eco-friendly products and services. However, there is a pressing need for assistance with implementing green HR practices to achieve sustainability. Pakistan's food industry is expanding rapidly, yet there remains insufficient information about green HR practices within its fast-food sector. This research purposes to identify the influence of various Practices of GHRM—such as selection and recruitment, training and development, and performance and compensation—on P-O Fit, commitment and green recovery performance. Furthermore, Participative leadership is examined as a potential moderator between green commitment and GP. For this research, 408 managers holding specific designations were randomly selected using a convenient sampling method. The study focused on 21 fast food restaurants located predominantly in Karachi, including well-known chains like Kaybees, Burger Lab, Kababjees, Buerger King, The burger Shack, Karachi Broast, Mr. Burger, OPTP, Subway, and others. PLS-SEM was employed to analyze the gathered data. The results revealed a robust association between green development and development and P-O fit. Moreover, green commitment significantly influences GP. However, the study did find evidence that green compensation and performance and selection and recruitment directly influence GP in the fast-food industry. Interestingly, P-O fit was identified as a mediator between Practices of GHRM and GP. Conversely, no moderating effect of Participative leadership was observed between Practices of GHRM and GP. Further exploration into additional factors of GHRM is recommended to better understand their influence within Pakistan's fast-food sector.
The Waqf's Potential and Difficulties in Enduring Economic Downturns and Crises
This study looks at waqf's capacity to boost economies amid recessions brought on by crises. It provides an examination of the hypotheses put up by economists on the causes of recessions, focusing on elements like the distinction between the financial and genuine sectors and the impact of price speculation. The economic recessions of the 20th and 21st centuries are examined historically, emphasizing the enduring effects of slower economic expansion and activity. The research also explores the evolution of waqf in several nations, exposing notable asset values but constrained output. We discovered some waqf development models that provide paths forward and possible economic gains, such as more economic activity, better growth in the economy, price stability, higher productivity, lower unemployment, and less wealth inequality. Notwithstanding its potential, we discovered that waqf's worldwide influence is still constrained because of poor management, insufficient administration, and an absence of government backing. The study emphasizes how crucial it is to have supporting regulations and efficient waqf administration to realize the full potential of this asset and promote global economic stability.
Does Financial Vulnerability linked between Innovation and Firm Performance?
Generally, Innovation is strategic tool is used for development of firms and enhance the firm performance (FP) and lowers the financial vulnerability (FV) of firms. The aim of this study is to check the impact of innovation on FP as well as on FV and check the mediating role of FV between innovation and FP in non-financial firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from study period of 2016 to 2023. Innovation is measured through product innovation (PI) and market innovation (MI). FV is measured through four proxy’s equity ratio (ER), revenue concentration ratio (RCR), administrative cost ratio (ACR) and operating margins (OM). FP is measured through return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). To add more strength in model control variables firm size (FS) and leverage (Lev) is used in this study. Data is collected manually from annual reports of 138 firms out of 418 and regression test employed. Findings shows that innovation has positive significant effects on FP and also innovation decreases the FV of firms. FV mediate this relationship between innovation and FP. Findings are consistent with expectations. This study has contribution in literature and has implications for managers, investors and stakeholders of firms. Policy makers and mangers should focus on innovation to lower the financial shocks and enhances FP.
Innovation, Financial Vulnerability, Firm Performance, Non-Financial sector, Pakistan.
Harnessing Inclusive Leadership for Innovation through Organizational Self-Esteem and Power Distance
This study investigate the impact of inclusive leadership on innovative work behavior (IWB), emphasizing the mediating role of organizational-based self-esteem (OBSE) and the moderating effect of power distance. Despite the increasing recognition of inclusive leadership's role in enhancing employee well-being and organizational outcomes, its potential to drive innovation in service industries remains understudy. Drawing on social exchange and self-determination theories, this quantitative, cross-sectional study collected data from 315 professionals in Karachi’s IT sector using a structured survey. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings demonstrate that inclusive leadership significantly enhances IWB, with OBSE acting as a vital psychological mechanism in this relationship. Inclusive leaders foster a sense of self-worth among employees, which in turn drives creativity and innovation. Moreover, power distance moderates the relationship between inclusive leadership and OBSE, with stronger effects in high power-distance contexts. These results highlight the importance of cultural considerations in leadership practices. The study contributes to leadership and innovation literature by providing empirical evidence on how inclusive leadership can optimize employee innovation through psychological and cultural mechanisms. Practical implications include guiding managers and policymakers in adopting inclusive leadership practices to create innovative and inclusive organizational environments.
Social Commerce and Financial Performance of SMEs: A Qualitative Prospective
In the 21st century, social media has become a powerful global tool, and its popularity continues to rise. Many small and micro enterprises are increasingly turning to social media to improve their financial performance. Platforms like Facebook, blogs, Twitter, and Pinterest have become essential for these businesses, allowing them to promote and sell products while engaging with customers. This study examines how social media contributes to the growth of social commerce in small and micro enterprises in Malaysia, using the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory as a foundation. Data was collected from 100 CEOs and managers of small and micro enterprises in Malaysia through a survey, focusing on their experiences and advice for new social entrepreneurs. The results show that most of the CEOs and managers strongly recommend that small and micro enterprises take full advantage of social media. They believe it can lead to significant increases in sales and revenue. The study also highlights that, when used effectively, social media can greatly enhance the social commerce performance of small and micro enterprises, helping them achieve sustainable growth.
Do Non-Performing Loans Deteriorate the Sustainability of the Banking Sector?
This paper seeks to investigate the enduring influence on Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) due to bank-specific and macroeconomic factors alongwith governance structure within the Pakistani banking sector context during 2011 to 2023. Utilizing OLS and Quantile Regression Models, distinct analyses were conducted for Islamic banks, private banks, and public banks in Pakistan separately. The empirical results indicate that a significant portion of variations in NPL can be elucidated by bank-specific and macroeconomic variables. Islamic banks are less sensitive as compared to private and public banking systems to variability in their NPLs. This unlocks the door for policy makers and practitioners to foresee the future of banking transactions especially the Islamic banks where the ratio of NPLs is minimum.
NPLs, Sustainability, Banking Sector Performance, Quantile Regression
M IMPACT OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION ON BANKS’ EFFICIENCY IN PAKISTAN
There are twenty-three scheduled banks, six Public Sector Scheduled banks, one Non Public Scheduled bank, four specialized scheduled banks, fifteen private banks, seventeen “Islamic Banks, four foreign banks, thirteen microfinance banks, eight development Finance Institutions in Pakistan. National and international Merger and Acquisition is one of the business development approaches to become Market Leader. Pakistani banking zones has shown a number of union and acquirement cases to achieve different objectives. In this investigation a illustration of four banks HBL,Summit ,Faysal and Askari were selected and examined with the aid of SPSS using Paired Sample t-test with due course of Pre-Merger and Acquisition performance with the Marker-merger” and acquisition period. the year 2006 till 2011 were considered as pre-merger and acquisition period and from 2012 till 2018 were considered as Post Merger and acquisition Period. for the purpose of data analysis five variables were selected i.e; CAMEL ratios. CAMEL framework is used by SBP for the evaluation of banking performance. This study revealed a significant variance among Capital adequacy and Asset Quality while insignificant change in Liquidity, Efficiency and Management Soundness of Banks.
Capital adequacy (C), Asset Quality (A), Management Soundness (M), Efficiency (E), Liquidity (L), Merger and Acquisition (M & A)”
Isolation or Social Comparison: The Effect of FOMO and JOMO on Online Buying
The rapid proliferation of digital media has altered consumer behavior, particularly among young individuals who are influenced by social dynamics present in online spaces. This research investigates the contrasting impact of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and Joy of Missing Out (JOMO) on online consumption of this demographic. As both concepts are related to social experiences, a moderating effect of social comparison provides a comprehensive insight into the comparison of their impacts. FOMO, characterized by anxiety over missing valued experiences and social engagement, often drives impulsive buying behaviors. In contrast, JOMO reflects a conscious decision to opt out of such experiences, promoting mindfulness in consumption choices. This study investigates these concepts by gathering data through a structured questionnaire administered to 595 university students, which was further analyzed through SEM in SmartPLS software. The study delineates the extent to which FOMO fosters impulsive buying tendencies while JOMO mitigates these inclinations through social comparison. The findings reveal empirical insights into how these competing psychological forces influence online consumption among university students, allowing marketers to understand and navigate the delicate balance between leveraging FOMO-driven urgency and fostering JOMO-induced contentment in their marketing strategies. Ultimately, this research contributes to the understanding of contemporary consumer psychology and its implications for digital marketing practices.
An Investigation of Gender Disparities in the Enrollment Rate of Pakistan: A Case Comparison between Male and Female Children
This study was descriptive research conducted to identify enrollment trends and gaps in the Pakistan education system over five years and compare gender and sector-wise differences. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used from the enrollment records as per the academic years 2021-2022 to aid in data analysis. Descriptive analysis offered information regarding enrollment alterations according to the educational stage, independent sample t-tests utilised to compare students' enrollment between genders. The study showed variations and inequity in enrollment in concerned education stages throughout the given year, while boys dominated the enrolment with girls. The results also indicated that the academic years inclined more boys than girls towards public sector enrollment in the overall mean sense, though it also applies to private sectors. However, the statistical tests also established little difference in the overall enrolment or by gender. Therefore, measures that promote the quality and availability of education should be given focus systematically.
Copyright (c) 2024 KASBIT Business Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Green Finance on Environmental Protection; Empirical Evidence from Emerging Economies: (BRICS & CIVET)
Green finance is one of the modes of promoting an integrated growth of financial activities and ecological protection. Main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of green finance on environmental protection and reduction of CO2 emission in emerging economies. A balanced data set for the year 2002 to 2022 was collected for 10 emerging economies based on two groups of emerging economies as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and CIVET (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt and Turkey). Panel data analysis has been used to ascertain empirical results. The results of the study explain that green finance has significant positive impact on environmental protection in emerging economies. The study found that an increase in green finance is associated with a decrease in carbon emissions, indicating that green finance is an effective tool for reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. Overall, findings of this study suggest that green finance can play an important role in promoting environmental protection in emerging economies. The study also provides valuable insights for investors, highlighting the potential benefits of investing in green projects and companies in emerging economies.
Substantial Factors Causing Delays in Construction Projects: A Comparative Study Between Pakistan and Turkey
This research aims to explore the substantial factors causing delays in construction projects in Pakistan and Turkey. It utilizes the Methodology for Construction Delays and Resilience Framework (MCD&RF). Data was collected through a standardized questionnaire. The identified causes of delays fall into nine main categories: builders & developers; contractors; consultants and designers; contract-related issues; finance; planning designing & scheduling; material; labour & equipment; and external factors. The study employs two methods: the Relative Importance Index (RII) and Spearman's rank correlation to analyze the data. The results shed light on the viewpoints of builders & developers, constructors & contractors, and consultants & advisers in Pakistan and Turkey regarding the factors contributing to construction delays. A research study found and concluded that overall substantial reasons for construction delays in each country have been determined, with Pakistan and Turkey having the top ten construction delays. Moreover, the study highlighted that implementing mitigation strategies can help reduce construction delays in Pakistan. Furthermore, a research study recommends establishing a "real-time AI-driven cloud-based communication platform" with the aim of modernizing Pakistan's construction sector through transformation. This model outlines a strategy for promoting information exchange efficiency. Visualizes key aspects of the study with a focus, on enhancing construction coordination while minimizing errors and cost overruns.
Concept Paper A Conceptual Framework on the Relationship between TOE Model Factors and Firm Performance of Manufacturing SMEs of Pakistan: Mediation of Use of Accounting Information System and Moderation of Entrepreneurs’ IT Literacy
Use of Accounting Information System (AIS) has become a significant research area since the computer software became prominent just over 3 decades ago. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors determining the use of AIS and its influence on business performance in the manufacturing SMEs of Pakistan producing leather, surgical and sports goods. Drawing upon the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) theoretical framework, Diffusion of Innovations theory (DOI), and Resource-based theory (RBV), an interactive, comprehensive and multi-dimensional research framework was introduced. This research framework assessed the drivers of use of AIS by looking at technological, organizational, and environmental (TOE) factors as suggested in the TOE model. All these independent variables were used to predict the use of AIS and its impact on firm performance of Pakistani manufacturing SMEs producing leather, surgical and sports goods. Key words: AIS, Firm Performance, Manufacturing SMEs, TOE Model, DOI Theory, RBV, IT Literacy, Mediation, Moderation.
Enhancing employee mental well-being: exploring the impact of temporal flexibility, job autonomy, employee resilience and high-performance work systems
Purpose This research explores factors enhancing employee mental well-being (EWB) in the banking sector, focusing on job autonomy (JA), temporal flexibility (TF), employee resilience (ER), and high-performance work systems (HPWS). It aims to identify key determinants that improve mental well-being and provide actionable insights for healthier work environments. Theory / Literature Review Using the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, the study expect that access to resources like autonomy and flexibility reduces stress and enhances well-being. COR theory serves as the foundation for understanding how resource access affects mental health and job satisfaction. Methodology / Approach A structured questionnaire with validated scale collects data from 200 bank employees in Karachi, Pakistan, using purposive sampling technique. SPSS is used for data analysis and regression analysis to examine variable relationships and their impact on mental well-being. Originality This study uniquely examines the combined effects of job autonomy, temporal flexibility, resilience, and HPWS on mental well-being in the banking sector, contributing new insights by integrating these factors into a COR theory-based model. It addresses a gap in research by comprehensively investigating these variables together. Research Limitations / Implications The cross-sectional design limits causal inference, and self-reported data may introduce biases. The focus on Karachi banking sector may affect generalizability. This study guides organizations and their management to adopt JA and ER as these increase employee mental wellbeing.
Human Factor and Cyber Security: Discovering the Correlation between Security Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions to Perform Security linked Behaviors
Abstract The study aims to explore the relationship between security perceptions and behavioral inclinations to engage in cybersecurity-related actions in the banking industry of Pakistan. Its rationale is to gain insights into how human factors; specifically perception and attitude affect cybersecurity. The goals of the study are to establish the relation between the perceived risk for cyber threats and security attitudes and explore the effect of perceived benefits on such attitudes and the relation of attitudes to behavioral intentions. Methodology: The research aims at utilizing quantitative research methodology where questionnaires will be utilized as the instrument used to collect information from employee of the banking sector. Hitting the goal of 150 respondents is always a challenge, nonetheless, the sample size is established based on individuals who engage with cybersecurity practices in their workplaces repeatedly. Findings: The study thus provides evidence to support the postulate that PVB, as pertains to security, predict attitude towards security, which determines behavioral intention concerning cybersecurity practices. However, there is the revealed gap between the attitudes and actual actions due to issues to do with the organizational culture and other outside influences that were not mentioned here. Contribution: The research complements the literature on cybersecurity since it focuses on the social aspects of shaping organizational security culture particularly in a developing country. Limitations: Some limitation of the study is that is only confined to banking sector of Pakistan, the findings might not hold good for other sectors in Pakistan or other countries. Keywords: Human factor, Cyber Security, Perceived Vulnerability, Perceived Benefits
Digital Financing Revolution Assessing the Impact of Equity Crowdfunding on Pakistani Startup Ecosystem
The purpose of this study is to expand the horizon of knowledge for Pakistani startups pertaining to digital sources of financing such as equity crowdfunding. Though crowdfunding is relatively a new concept, yet it is widely recognized as a viable and impactful source of funding across the globe. It is a novel method of funding that allows startups and entrepreneurs to raise capital by a large pool of small investments from the online crowd with no upfront fees. The popularity of this new funding mechanism has risen due to the funding gap that has been created by the conventional source of financing such as banks, especially after the 2008 financial crisis. Particularly in Pakistan, raising funds is continuing to be a major challenge, where seed-stage startups faced immense difficulties in securing funds from banks and traditional financial institutions. Therefore, equity crowdfunding is emerging as an alternative source of financing option to bridge the funding gap for startups as well as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Thus, the implication of successful crowdfunding channels in Pakistan is a significant challenge for the government and so the regulatory authorities to devise policies and intellectual capacity in order to implement a startup ecosystem in the country. In terms of capacity and potential, Pakistan has a right mix of talent and relevant resources which creates a suitable equation for the economic model., however, inappropriate strategies may lead to threat for the system.
Investors’ Overreaction on Stock Circuit Breakers and Signaling – A Research on Pakistan Stock Exchange
Purpose – To investigate the effect of circuit breakers on investors' post-event investment behavior and potential overreaction. Design/methodology/approach - We analyzed daily stock returns (as the dependent variable) for instances when a circuit breaker was triggered, using the preceding day's returns as an independent variable. To enhance the study's robustness, we divided our sample into three distinct panels and conducted mean and variance equality tests for each. The sample consisted of firms from the KSE-100 index. We applied Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis to these panels. Findings - The average return for stocks on the day following a circuit breaker event was found to be 6.20% (1.24 times the circuit breaker threshold). Returns typically followed the same direction (positive/negative) as the circuit breaker event. Notably, negative circuit breakers had less impact on investors compared to positive ones, aligning with prospect theory. Research limitations/implications - This study aids in understanding the impact of circuit breakers on investor overreaction, contributing to better-informed market decisions. The research is limited to circuit breaker events; future studies may employ different methodologies, statistical tools, timeframes, and markets. Originality/value - This research advances the understanding of behavioral finance, particularly in the context of market signaling and information asymmetry. It addresses the gap in literature on behavioral finance's role in stock market signaling by examining the effects of circuit breaker events on investor overreaction.